The theory is based on the idea that two cognitions can be relevant or irrelevant to each other (Festinger, 1957). Social psychologyin particular, cognitive dissonance theorysuggests the opposite: preferences may themselves be affected by action choices. A5: Cognitive dissonance theory in communication is when people need to understand that others might be facing cognitive dissonance when purchasing a new product or hearing a new sales pitch. Half of the participants were paid $20 (first group) for an hour of boring tasks while the others were paid $1 (second group). a tension or clash resulting from the combination of two disharmonious or unsuitable elements. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. Ask an Expert: Why Am I Still Experiencing 'Moral Fatigue,' Even After Vaccination? Looking for someone to blame: delegation, cognitive dissonance, and the disposition effect: looking for someone to blame. While consumer behaviour is the key to building and implementing a successful marketing strategy, the cognitive dissonance theory is one of the most important attributes of consumer behaviour itself in terms of attitude and belief changes on products or brands. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Laurel Canyon Social Network. Leon Festinger (1957) proposed cognitive dissonance theory, which states that a powerful motive to maintain cognitive consistency can give rise to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behavior. (1959). Cognitive Dissonance Theory Presented by: Judy King & Deanna Williams. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It suggests that inconsistencies among cognitions (i.e., knowledge, opinion, or belief about the. Then, some participants were demanded to convince a reluctant person (in fact, secretly a confederate) to be a participant in the experiment by lying that the tasks were super fun. CD is among "the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology" (e.g., Alfnes et al., 2010, p. 147). By removing consumers' dissonances, marketers are able to not only acquire new or . The theory of dissonance is here applied to the problem of why partial reward, delay of reward , and effort expenditure during training result in increased resistance to extinction. Cognitive Dissonance. Oshikawa, S. (1969). gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. What is Cognitive Dissonance? (2020). 5 0 obj The more the conflict forms dissonance, the quicker the person finds a way to eliminate or minimalize it. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Cognitive dissonance is an internal conflict that people have when their differing beliefs and opinions collide. Laurel Canyon Social Network. This is where the cognitive dissonance theory takes part. Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for its important and influential concepts in areas of motivation and social psychology. 1 When a lack of harmony occurs between our beliefs, values, urges, and behaviors, an uncomfortable internal struggle . endobj Cognitive dissonance theory, which was founded by American social psychologist Leon Festingerin 1957, states that cognitive dissonance drives people to resolve the conflict between truths and behaviors that don't match one another. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. In 1954, a cult leader predicted the end of the world. <>>>/BBox[0 0 653.73 833.73]/Length 140>>stream Bran A, Vaidis DC. Cognitive dissonance creates inconsistency that can lead to mental anguish. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY Implications of Cognitive Dissonance Theory. (2017). The History of Cognitive Dissonance . If two cognitions are relevant to one another, they are either consonant or dissonant. Scientific American, 207(4), 93106. Definition and explanation Holding two conflicting beliefs causes us to feel slightly uncomfortable, and to reject (at least) one of them. Cognitive Dissonance. If you liked this article and would like to read more, you can subscribe from below or click the bar and discover unique moreexperiencesin our articles in many categories, 2021@Arcadia Is A Non Profit Organization, Cognitive Dissonance Theory on Customer Behaviour, Note: Reflect on consumerist society. And the reason we alter or change these . Third, dissonance can occur when a strongly held expectation is disconfirmed. Attitude Change and Cognitive Dissonance. The theory of cognitive dissonance was developed in 1957 by a social psychologist named Leon Festinger. Dissonance theory suggests that if individuals act in ways that contradict their beliefs, then they typically will change their beliefs to align with their actions (or vice-a-versa). If you're a marketer, understanding cognitive dissonance can be a significant factor in helping you create effective brand messaging. As originally formulated (Festinger, 1957), cognitive dissonance is induced when a person holds two contradictory beliefs, or when a belief is incongruent with an action that the person had chosen freely to perform. It may also be expressed in words or thoughts. These, changes are quite important for marketers as they are, able to spot factors creating dissonance and reduce them. Cognitive dissonance (CD) is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting elements of knowledge. Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for its important and influential concepts in areas of motivation and social psychology. Cognitive dissonance is a philosophical theory that was developed by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century. Examples of cognitive dissonance include a smoker who knows cigarettes are dangerous, a company that doesn't follow its code of ethics, or a person who avoids speaking about a past trauma while still dealing with it in the present. American Psychological Association. 60(1):86-102. doi:10.5334/pb.517, Dilakshini VL, Kumar SM. Neha enjoys writing about mental health, elder care, innovative health care technologies, paying for health care, and simple measures that we all can take to work toward better health. <>>>/BBox[0 0 653.73 833.73]/Length 140>>stream Cognitive Dissonance Theory: A Crash Course - YouTube 0:00 / 6:56 Cognitive Dissonance Theory: A Crash Course 846,072 views Jul 7, 2016 I did a whole episode on Cognitive Dissonance for. [Painting] Retrieved from https://plainmagazine.com/alex-gross-surrealist-layered-paintings-consumerist-society/, Festinger, Leon. Cognitive dissonance theory has become popular among social psychology and social science researchers since its early days, due to its few tenets that are able to explain the complex process of dissonance. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. Chang TY, Solomon DH, Westerfield MM. A psychologist by the name of Leon Festinger came up with the idea of cognitive dissonance way back in the late 1950s, and did a heap of pioneering work in the field. 15 0 obj Hence, the purchasing decisions being shaped by consumers' dissonances arises because of the conflicts between beliefs, emotions, attitudes, tendencies etc. Review of General Psychology. Dangerous expectations: Breaking rules to resolve cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that we feel when our minds entertain two contradictory concepts at the same time. From IT addiction to discontinued use: a cognitive dissonance perspective. In his book A Theory of . However, the parsimonious nature of its formulation and application made the theory subject to the paradox of simplicity and raised concerns . It is claimed that dissonance can occur in three ways: First, any logical inconsistency can create dissonance. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It is concluded that when there is a discrepancy between our current belief and another, previously held belief, one must eliminate the other to reduce dissonance. 3 0 obj Cognitive dissonance is a theory developed in the late 1950s by US psychologist Leon Festinger, which claims that people tend to avoid information and situations that are likely to increase a dissonance with their existing cognitions, such as beliefs, attitudes, or other value judgments. Because the first group captured money ($20), as their primary justification while the others had to find. Such cognitions can be about behaviors, perceptions, attitudes, emotions, and beliefs. Cognitive Dissonance Theory. So in order to return to that place of harmony, you've got a choice: You can change your beliefs, change your actions,. The book is titled A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Auster, D. (1965). 9 0 obj http://www.jstor.org/stable/24936719, Oshikawa, S. (1969). The Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour: Cognitive Dissonance. In an event wherein some of these cognitions clash, an unsettled state of tension occurs and this is called . Over 60 years ago, Leon Festinger (1957) postulated one of the most well-known theories of psychology: cognitive dissonance theory. International Review of Social Psychology. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith carried out an experiment by asking the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly turning pegs for an hour. CJAST. endstream By having a better understanding of the elements shaping consumer behaviour, marketers are able to have a better position to estimate how consumers will respond to these strategies. What is Cognitive Dissonance? endstream Michael MacIntyre, MD, is a board-certified general and forensic psychiatrist. According to Festinger, we hold many cognitions about the world and ourselves; when they clash, a discrepancy is evoked, resulting in a state of tension . Festinger's 1$/$20 Experiment: Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance. Gross, Alex. Then, some participants were demanded to convince a reluctant person (in fact, secretly a confederate) to be a participant. A marketer who can resolve such conflicts may help consumers choose their brand's products. Leon Festinger (1919-1990) Social psychologist from New York City Bachelor of Science degree from the City College of New York in 1939 Ph.D. in 1942 at the University of Iowa Studied under Kurt Lewin, often considered the farther of social psychology Taught at University of Iowa, University of . Cognitive Dissonance: The unpleasant emotion that results from believing two contradictory things at the same time. What topic did fentinger use to illustrate the concept of dissonance? endstream <>>>/BBox[0 0 653.73 833.73]/Length 140>>stream x%0_qGhmb)n.X@k^%$lj`hz/5",#\"_m%GBB6(FQu]s This is an example of cognitive dissonance that manifests as guilt. 2017;2(1):43. doi:10.1504/IJGSDS.2017.085610, Vaghefi I, Qahri-Saremi H. From IT addiction to discontinued use: a cognitive dissonance perspective. Published online October 1, 2020:54-60. doi:10.9734/CJAST/2020/v39i3030970, Gillespie A. Disruption, self-presentation, and defensive tactics at the threshold of learning. Greiser MM. It describes how people will be willing to increase their own delusional thinking in order to protect their current understanding. Leon Festinger first proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance, centered on how people try to reach internal consistency. x A Half of the participants were paid $20 (first group) for an hour, boring tasks while the others were paid $1 (second group). Cognitive dissonance theory was the expansion of social comparison. (2017). By removing consumers' dissonances, marketers are able to not only acquire new or retain the existing consumers, but also create a positive brand image for their organization. 2017. doi:10.24251/HICSS.2017.681. endobj The effect of telling lies on belief in the truth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. According to this theory, when two actions or ideas are not psychologically consistent with each other, people do . 4 He suggested that people have an inner need to ensure that their beliefs and behaviors are consistent. In psychology cognitive dissonance is a form of psychological stress that is experienced when a person holds two or more conflicting beliefs, behaviours, or values. Cognitive dissonance causes feelings of unease and tension, and people attempt to relieve this discomfort in different ways. It offers one explanation for why people sometimes make an effort to adjust their. This can mean either changing behavior or ignoring the truth to avoid discomfort. 0F_*HDj)s5SDjg@'b#xqD+}_. Sorry for the all caps. While consumer behaviour is the key to building and implementing a successful marketing strategy, the cognitive dissonance theory is one of the most important attributes of consumer behaviour itself in terms of attitude and belief changes on products or brands. 12 0 obj The causes of cognitive dissonance might include: Complying with expectations or culture at work, school, or in a group 3 Fear of uncertainty Avoiding the pain of trauma 1 Dominating others or maintaining a privilege 8 2 Righteousness about a belief or goal 1 Covering for an unplanned lie 5 Justifying a bad habit or addiction That is all.) In order to implement a successful strategy for both new and existing consumers, marketers first must fully understand the factors leading them to make the purchase. Cognitive dissonance has been an important and influential theory since Leon Festinger published his classic work in 1957. Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. Second, dissonance can be created when a person experiences an inconsistency either between his attitude and his behaviour or between two of his behaviours. It also refers to the knowledge that sometimes people lie because they face cognitive dissonance and are trying to rationalize their own actions. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviors. Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. Hence, marketers and psychologists examine consumers' attitudes and responses resulting in purchases in terms of their beliefs, tendencies and feelings. Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological theory of an individual acting contrary to their beliefs. Discussion Questions. Whether you resolve feelings of cognitive dissonance may depend on influences from work and family, your goals, or your identity. x%0_qGhmb)n.X@k^%$lj`hz/5",#\"_m%GBB6(FQu]s Cognitive dissonance will be great if the discrepant act is. If there are inconsistencies between, for example, beliefs and . He defined cognitive dissonance as the psychological tension or discomfort we experience when faced with two conflicting cognitions. Oh boy do we not like receiving conflicting information. In psychology, cognitive dissonance occurs when a person holds contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values, and is typically experienced as psychological stress when they participate in an action that goes against one or more of them. It proposes that we have a hidden propensity to hold all our actions and behavior in harmony while avoiding . Therefore, all marketers must fully comprehend how cognitive dissonance results in changes and how it can be used for the benefit of the company. Auster, D. (1965). Cognitive dissonance is based on mental discordance of something happening contrary to the way it is supposed to happen. (2014). Arguably, the least appreciated feature of dissonance theory was also its most innovative. Results like Condorcet's jury theorem suggest that if many people converge on the same answer to a question (independently of one another, to avoid groupthink), we should treat that as good evidence that its the correct one. dissonance theory holds that the conflict produces feelings of discomfort which the individual seeks to relieve by reconciling the differences, by convincing himself they do not exist, or by adopting some other type of defensive maneuver.an example of dissonance is the conflict that occurs when a habitual smoker encounters evidence that smoking difficult to reverse. The study of cognitive dissonance is one of the most widely followed fields in . Holding two conflicting beliefs causes us to feel slightly uncomfortable, and to reject (at least) one of them. Eur J Psychol. "It's an uncomfortable state of mind when someone has contradictory values, attitudes, or perspectives about the same thing," says psychiatrist Grant H. Brenner MD, FAPA, co-founder of Neighborhood Psychiatry, in Manhattan. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. about their environment and their personalities. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. 2017;13(4):633-644. doi:10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1422, Cooper J. Cognitive dissonance: where weve been and where were going. . Understanding cult membership: Beyond Drinking the Kool-Aid. SUNY College at New Paltz, Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection. We strive for internal consistency (except when we dont) and these beliefs appear to conflict with one another, so you have to reject one or more. (1) It's since become one of the most influential theories in the field of psychology . 10 Daily Habits You Didn't Know Sabotage Your Health, Dialectical Behavior Therapy vs. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Common Defense Mechanisms and How Theyre Used, Coping Mechanisms: Everything You Need to Know, How to Recognize & Respond to Gaslighting, The Psychological Effects of Being Yelled At. <>>>/BBox[0 0 653.73 833.73]/Length 140>>stream Your brain is not a Bayes net (and why that matters), Julia Galef, identifying with as few things as we need to, Your brain is not a Bayes net (and why that matters). Signs of cognitive dissonance include tense emotions after getting new information, denying reality, hypocritical behavior, isolating others who don't comply with an untruth, and avoiding the reality of a situation overall. On the characteristics of the cognitive dissonance state: Exploration within the pleasure arousal dominance model. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people are averse to inconsistencies within their own minds. the experiment by lying that the tasks were super fun. For example, the smoker might either quit smoking or rationalize their smoking by saying other habits are just as dangerous. [Photo] Retrieved from https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/how-cognitive-bias-can-explain-post-truth/, Lewis, Colin. Cognitive Dissonance Theory Definition. Dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is a theory proposed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. 2020;24(4):382-396. doi:10.1177/1089268020914258, Polage D. The effect of telling lies on belief in the truth. Neha is a New York-based health and science news writer. The feeling of discomfort increases with: How strongly the dissonant thoughts conflict. It is known by every social psychologist, most psychologists of any stripe, and the lay public, making its way into such mainstream publications as The New York Times with increasing frequency and accuracy. The Journal of Finance. The theory of dissonance is here applied to the problem of why partial reward, delay of reward , and effort expenditure during training result in increased resistance to extinction. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS These attitude, judgment, decision and evaluation changes are quite important for marketers as they are able to spot factors creating dissonance and reduce them. Sharma, Manoj Kumar. We know that smoking is bad for our health and understand all the adverse effects of tobacco on our body and people around us. Since cognitive dissonance means wanting to reconcile or ease the discomfort of new information, it can lead to: Negative effects of cognitive dissonance could include: According to cognitive dissonance theory, the three ways of coping with cognitive dissonance are: Ways to prevent cognitive dissonance include: Cognitive dissonance is the uncomfortable feeling that results from finding out new information that contradicts what is already known about a situation. Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort felt when two pieces of information contradict each other or when your behavior goes against the truth of a situation. %%EOF On the characteristics of the cognitive dissonance state: Exploration within the pleasure arousal dominance model, Cognitive dissonance: A psychological unrest. As a result, the participants, in convincing the reluctant person than the ones who, $1. Cognitive dissonance is among "the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology." Still, the emotions of cognitive dissonances, their potential to destroy the drive for knowledge, and consequently the fundamental need to overcome their negative effects have not received sufficient attention. endstream According to the cognitive dissonance theory, all people tend to want to find consistency in their cognitions. Ultimately . The roots of the cognitive dissonance theory are truly fascinating. What is cognitive dissonance theory? Games of our Brain. The Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour: Cognitive Dissonance. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. https://doi.org/10.2307/1248672, Sharma, Manoj Kumar. (Festinger, 1959). Introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957and since that time debated, refined, and debated again by psychologistscognitive dissonance is defined as the aversive state of arousal that occurs when a person holds two or more cognitions that are inconsistent with each other. In 1959, Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith carried out an experiment by asking the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly turning pegs for an hour. "Cognitive" refers to knowledge and comprehension, gained. It is, Note: Image from an article by Colin Lewis (2020). Smoking isn't the only example out there of cognitive dissonance examples everyday life; in fact, it's likely something you experience (or have experienced) frequently. Why, and how do we resolve it? It is important in not only acquiring new consumers, but also retaining the existing ones by satisfying their expectations and providing value as a positive brand image, which is a crucial role for marketers. The Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) is an outcome when facts contradict beliefs, values and ideas of people and it is a need to reduce the discomfort due to contradiction (Yahya &. This means that it is not bound to happen to a selected group of people. 12. Cognitive dissonance. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Smoking and alcohol consumption. OP>$O '@n#}  C L2TQLb0 According to Festinger, the important factor in cognitive dissonance theory is the principle of cognitive consistency. endobj %PDF-1.7 % Cognitive dissonance is a theory in social psychology first proposed by Leon Festinger. What Is Transference-Focused Psychotherapy? "This feels great, and I don't care if it's bad." Real Life Examples . Paul Graham (founder of Y Combinator) recommends we fight this uphill battle by identifying with as few things as we need to. (2020). In marketing, one of the most widely studied concepts is consumer behaviour since its knowledge immensely supports the company to plan and also implement marketing strategies. If you liked this article and would like to read more, you can subscribe from below or click the bar and discover unique more, https://plainmagazine.com/alex-gross-surrealist-layered-paintings-consumerist-society/, https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/how-cognitive-bias-can-explain-post-truth/. The distressing mental state caused by inconsisency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and an action. We may attempt to quit smoking for a while, but the urge of smoking increases as we become dependent on nicotine . 109 0 obj <>stream (2014). For example, a person who is experiencing a conflict between his beliefs and behaviours might be open to being 'the new consumer' for a company. Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance. Festinger's theory proposes that inconsistency among beliefs or behaviours causes an uncomfortable psychological tension (i.e., cognitive dissonance ), leading . This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. Can Cognitive Dissonance Theory Explain Consumer Behavior? Cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed by Leon Festinger. We can all engage in habits that cause harm to ourselves or the world, such as when we eat something we know isn't good for us or do something convenient that could be bad for the environment. Cognitive dissonance The distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and an action. L2TQLb0 Cognitive dissonance is not a mental health illness; it is a mental discomfort. (Authors note: for this example, you might be unsure, but in real life, VACCINES DONT CAUSE AUTISM. [Image] Retrieved from, Arcadia, has many categories starting from Literature to Science. Festinger and Carlsmith claim that the participants experienced dissonance when they had the conflicting cognitions: telling someone that the tasks were super fun and interesting while the truth was the opposite. Disruption, self-presentation, and defensive tactics at the threshold of learning. According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). Introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957 in his book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, the Cognitive Dissonance theory focuses on how we as human beings always strive hard to make sure that our beliefs and actions are aligned with each other. Gender inequality in corporate Mexico: analysis of cognitive dissonance impeding social growth and development. https://doi.org/10.2307/3149488, Festinger, L. (1962). Retrieved from https://www.ripublication.com/gjfm-spl/gjfmv6n9_05.pdf, Gross, Alex. $K{.-hC ;{l8S And much more. x%0_qGhmb)n.X@k^%$lj`hz/5",#\"_m%GBB6(FQu]s Among the major theories in psychology, Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT; Festinger, 1957) holds a honorable position (Haggbloom et al., 2002; Devine and Brodish, 2003; Gawronski and Strack, 2012; Kruglanski et al., 2018).For more than six decades, CDT suggests that cognitive inconsistency leads to a motivational state that promotes regulation, which comes mainly through a change . A simple definition of cognitive dissonance theory states that individuals experience feelings of discomfort when encountering two or more conflicting beliefs, behaviors or attitudes. Finally, a smoker experiencing cognitive dissonance might simply choose to ignore the discomfort. A Cognitive Dissonance Approach Avidit Acharya, Stanford University Matthew Blackwell, Harvard University Maya Sen, Harvard University . endobj % Volume 6, Number 9. 2016;71(1):267-302. doi:10.1111/jofi.12311. The theory of cognitive dissonance has serious implications. Cognitive Dissonance. Looking for someone to blame: delegation, cognitive dissonance, and the disposition effect: looking for someone to blame, Understanding cult membership: Beyond Drinking the Kool-Aid., Dangerous expectations: Breaking rules to resolve cognitive dissonance, Hypocritical behavior (the act of doing or saying something that contradicts beliefs or information that is known), Avoiding discussion and feelings about traumatic events, Seeking or spreading information that confirms an idea instead of learning or expressing the truth, Repeating affirmations to the self or others to avoid a change in behavior, Feeling guilty or shameful about acting in a way that doesn't reflect the truth, Emphasizing positive feelings to cover for a lie, Engaging in or justifying habits that are unhealthy, like smoking, Spreading confusing or false information to prevent change; for example, when women couldn't vote, those against women voting would call women fighting for voting rights "unladylike" or "spinsters", Threatening to isolate someone for telling the truth, like when cult members are isolated for leaving, Maintaining privilege by focusing on general ideas instead of facts, like when rules and ideas about equal pay, Complying with expectations or culture at work, school, or in a group, Dominating others or maintaining a privilege, Wanting to avoid disappointment after unrealistic expectations, Negative or positive emotion when faced with new information, Level of guilt or shame after receiving information, The benefit or privilege gained by avoiding a truth, Culture or society within a group or organization, Changing behavior after getting correct information, Staying too long in harmful groups, workplaces, or relationships, Blaming the wrong person or entity for a mistake, A status quo that harms people with fewer rights, Lies becoming more important than the truth, Defense of abusers or harmful group dynamics, Changing beliefs based on new information, Resolving to change behavior after learning facts, Admitting that you or someone else can be wrong, Understanding whether or not expectations for a goal were realistic, Researching ways to improve upon a setback without blaming others, Prioritizing health and well-being of individuals regardless of group dynamics, Understanding inequality and injustice within large groups and societies, Doing something convenient that might be bad for the environment, Avoiding discussion of a conflict or event despite strong feelings or trauma, Conforming to a group or society even if rules are not being followed or people are harmed.
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