Rome, or at least Italy, seems to be as likely a place as any for the place of composition. xv. Jude borrowed from 2 Peter. with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon all, and to convince. Equally important, Jude may be using this quotation because it comes from ancient literature his opponents favor. Jude's point was that Enoch's prophecy is some spit-fire psycho-Babel; an unbelievable glaring contradiction. Judes mastery of Greek is more related to his vocabulary than his syntax. Many unseen factors could overturn it. Two arguments are used for this date: (1) references in Jude (vv 3, 17) which seem to indicate that the apostolic age had now passed, and (2) the identification of the false teachers with Gnosticism. Yet Jude displays better Greek than 2 Peter by farespecially on a syntactical level! The reason for this would most naturally be that the present false teachers only partially fulfilled Peters prophecy. With ten thousand of his saints - Or, "of his holy ones." Second, Judes citation can be found in OT. That is to say, they did not deny the second coming of Christ, but they were licentious. 2) Second, Jude says the Lord will "execute judgment and to convict all the ungodly," but Enoch says that "he" will "execute judgment upon . Neither of these books are canonical (inspired Scripture); they are pseudepigraphic (uninspired books outside the Bible). . For now, note the following references: Verse 3the faith once for all delivered to the saints. Bauckham says this refers simply to the gospel itself, arguing that this is exactly the tactic which Paul used against false teaching (Gal 1:6-9; Rom 16:17).19 What he does not explain is why Jude mentions once for all delivered (a point absent in the parallels). Their Ungodly Character Portrayed (11-13), C. Prophecy: The Destruction of the Ungodly is Sure (14-19). As Bauckham points out, Palestinian Jewish-Christian circles in the early church used the title brother of the Lord not simply to identify the brothers, but as ascribing to them an authoritative status, and therefore the brothers themselves, not wishing to claim an authority based on mere blood-relationship to Jesus, avoided the term.5 Such restraint would especially be appropriate if one were writing to Gentiles,6 for Gentilic entrance into a covenant relationship with Israels God was now, for the first time, not based on proselytization (in which circumcision would be required), but simply faith. All rights reserved. The imagery is that of danger lurking beneath the surface, able to sink ships which are presumed to be in safe waters. The reference of his prophecies was not to the antediluvians alone, but to all the ungodly (Jude 15). Though much in this story is quite suspect. Is he implying that the Book of Enoch is inspired? 9:28-36). 86-137. In the least, this suggests that there must have been good lines of communication between his locale and that of the church. In the absence of cosmological dualism, it is misleading even to call their teaching incipient Gnosticism. If [Judes] polemic is really aimed against Gnosticism it is singularly inept.. A narrative of the fall of the angels, and of a tour of Enoch in company with an angel through heaven and earth, and of the mysteries seen by him. There are other issues as well, which may indeed help to pinpoint the date more precisely. The number seven is a significant number to the Jews, there was sacredness in the number seven. Judes argument does not hang on these apocryphal passages; instead, we could back up everything that is written elsewhere in the OT. There is one further argument often employed for priority of Jude: Why would Jude even bother to write his epistle if the bulk of it were already contained in 2 Peter? Assuming that Jude is an authentic appellation, which Jude is in mind? 37Once reason that the prophets were no longer necessary to mention is that Jude was simply trying to draw the connection between Peter and Paul, while Peter was trying to make the connection between Paul and true religion. It is quoted from the apocryphal book of Enoch, directly, or from a tradition based upon it. The book shows no Christian influence, is highly moral in tone, and imitates the Old Testament myths. Classis EastThis email address is being protected from spambots. In James 3:4, rough, used of the winds. This is precisely what we see in the relation between 2 Peter and Jude: not only is the Greek better in Jude. Though this is disputed today by many scholars, no good explanation is given why a Jewish Christian, writing to Jewish Christians, would speak of their common salvation.. In a sense, he is saying, Even my opponents would agree with these statements about Satans power (v.9) and the judgment of God (v.14). J.D. Fourth, v 17 yields three clues concerning the literary relationship of these two letters: (a) Jude seems to be saying that his audience ought to recall what Peter (and Paul and his associates) had said to them regarding the rise of false prophets. However, it is possible to see this as him illustrating his point using a familiar story which is not necessarily considered to be an authoritatively inspired one. It is impossible to be absolutely certain who actually wrote first. Thus the false teachers are seen in these pictures to be dangerous, immoral (filthy), and untrustworthy as leaders. Also, how could a modest sized boat such as the ark hold all those animals? var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; "and enoch also, the seventh from adam, prophesied of these, saying, behold, the lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him" ( But we must not let the tail wag the dog: the evidence for a Gentile destination is quite solid on other grounds. apostles). Thus the body of the letter begins and ends with an appeal to contend for the faith handed down once for all to the saints. 23 So all the days of Enoch were three hundred and sixty-five years. RESPONSE: A number of points can be made. Some have suggested that, in Jude 1 is an interpolation; hence, Jude [the son] of James. Against this is the total lack of textual support. Let us remember that the same HolySpiritwho inspired the prophecy of judgment on the wicked in the pre-flood days, is the same Holy Spirit who inspired Jude to write his epistle. var addy_text55a1c42e97c1fc3e695ee3fcd3e4f33f = 'Stated Clerk';document.getElementById('cloak55a1c42e97c1fc3e695ee3fcd3e4f33f').innerHTML += ''+addy_text55a1c42e97c1fc3e695ee3fcd3e4f33f+'<\/a>'; 2014 Protestant Reformed Churches in America. All that is necessarily implied in Jude 14-15 is that Enoch's prediction happened to be descriptive of the men about whom Jude wrote (Barnes . What shows very clearly the literary connection between these two texts is not only the general thought, but some key terms and expressions, for example: ' (Peter); (Jude), There are two major differences, however: (1) 2 Peter speaks of your apostles while Jude speaks of the apostles; (2) 2 Peter reminds his audience of what the prophets and apostles said while Jude merely mentions apostles. If John came from Palestine (probably Jerusalem) to Ephesus in c. 65 CE, it is doubtful that Jude was there at the time. Does that mean that even God's children who are alive when the Lord comes will be judged "with flaming fire" as Enoch predicts? He spends considerable time in discussing the whole matter, but says that the infallibility of Scripture is not called into question. Generally it falls into three categories: 2 Peter borrowed from Jude. Then the LORD, my God, will come, and all the holy ones with Him! (Zech. Not only this, but the external evidence is too strong and too early to allow such an identification. If Moses body was taken to heaven (Jude 9), then this would make sense of him showing up with Jesus at the Transfiguration. var addy3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4 = 'laning' + '@'; First, Jude corrects the apocryphal text. A. When I studied plain geometry, I learned and memorized the so-called Pythagorean Theorem. Many have been troubled by this because they think Jude is referring to a book that has perhaps been lost from the Bible. What about non-Calvinists who reject evolution? 2. 16By apostolic age we mean the time up until Peter and Paul died (c. 64 CE), rather than up until the death of all the apostles, for we believe that John probably lived into the 90s CE. 13 they are wild waves of the sea, foaming up their own shame; wandering stars, for whom blackest darkness has been reserved forever. As the brother of James, Jude is also one of the four brothers of Jesus that we read about in Matthew 13:55 (Judas). This double argument, however, seems faulty: (1) If our reconstruction is correct (viz., that Jude is writing to Pauline churches to make sure they do not feel abandoned and to emphasize the common elements between the Jewish and Gentile expressions of the faith) then the first argument carries no weight. This would be like a Christian apologist citing an atheistic author in a debate against an atheist. None of their characteristics is prominent, if found at all, in Jewish Christianity., Though most recognize that the antinomianism of the false teachers points to their Gentile origin, they argue that this would not necessarily mean that the church was of Gentile origin. Jude 14 The Prophecy of Enoch By Wayne Jackson Jude refers to one of the Old Testament patriarchs when he says: ". var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; The first is Jude the apostle, son of James (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13). But there are no parallels to support this view.. (6) Even though there is no hint of the false teachers denying the second coming in this epistle, there is an eschatological urgency throughout the letter. (Jude 14-15a) It was also about these men that Enoch, in the seventh generation from Adam, prophesied, saying, Behold, the Lord came with many thousands of His holy ones, 15 to execute judgment upon all. Speeches is supplied. This email address is being protected from spambots. 4Guthrie, 904. The second alternative is to see Jude as the second-century bishop of Jerusalem (so Grotius). If he used Mark, as most scholars believe, it is significant that not only does Luke clean up the grammar of Mark, but he also has his own tightly woven structure.31 This is precisely what we see in the relation between 2 Peter and Jude: not only is the Greek better in Jude,32 but the structure is tighter. The final image is that of wandering stars, suggesting that they are unreliable guides to sailors who depend on the sure guidance that the stars provide. (with a greater probability for 66) for the following reasons: (3) Although v 3 hints at early catholicism, particularly if read as a statement about creedalism, this does not need to have come several decades after Peters death. If anything, this suggests that Jude was written later and depended on 2 Peter. The first coming of Christ was revealed to Adam, his second and glorious coming to Enoch, who foretold . make a strong case for) seems to unite Jew and Gentile. There are two other arguments against such a late date, as we have argued under authorship. 1 The words of the blessing of Enoch, wherewith he blessed the elect and righteous, who will be 2 living in the day of tribulation, when all the wicked and godless are to be removed. But then, to give his admonitions and warnings some real "punch", Jude refers to . fit together as we have suggested they do, then a destination to Pauls church(es) in Ephesus becomes increasingly probable. Rev., translates, All the ungodly, of all their works of ungodliness which they have ungodly wrought, and of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against him. 1. 6This is the view I take for the audience. However, there are two other considerations which would tend to date it a bit later. Domitian then dismissed them and put an end to the persecution of the church. They lost their place in heaven, because they would not accept God's plan for them. To use a terrible analogy, everyone knows about the Lord of the Rings. fulfilled Peters prophecy. The original word is, however, applicable to all who are "holy," angels as well as men. Further, Jude did not necessarily imply that Enoch saw into the future to predict attitudes or actions of the sinners under consideration in the epistle. [2] Norman Hillyer, 1 and 2 Peter, Jude. 5. Compare Note, see on [2672]Jude 4, "of old." The false teachers Jude is dealing with act in the very same way (8). There is one further argument often employed for priority of Jude: Why would Jude even bother to write his epistle if the bulk of it were already contained in 2 Peter? He has already made several references to it, I just did not point them out. When we think of the Lord's return remember the 2 "R's" - first, there is the Rapture and, second, there is the Revelation. The OT explains that God buried Moses in the land of Moab, but no man knows his burial place to this day (Deut. Another reason would seem to be that, as time progressed in the early church, the message of the apostles came to have more and more force, in which case they did not need to piggy-back on the authority of the OT prophets. Again, here it should be noticed that the verse is almost identical to 2 Pet 3:2, though Peter is speaking about what would come while Jude is saying that the prophecy was fulfilled. The Arabic writers (h) call him Edris the prophet; and the Jews say (i), that he was in a higher degree than Moses or Elias; they also call (k) him Metatron, the great scribe, a name which they sometimes give to the angel that went before the children of Israel in the wilderness, and which seems to belong to the Messiah: that Enoch wrote a prophecy, and left it behind him in writing, does not appear from hence, or elsewhere; the Jews, in some of their writings, do cite and make mention of the book of Enoch; and there is a fragment now which bears his name, but is a spurious piece, and has nothing like this prophecy in it; wherefore Jude took this not from a book called the "Apocalypse of Enoch", but from tradition; this prophecy being handed down from age to age; and was in full credit with the Jews, and therefore the apostle very appropriately produces it; or rather he had it by divine inspiration, and is as follows: saying, behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints; by the "Lord" is meant the Lord Jesus Christ, who is ordained the Judge of quick and dead, and for which he is richly qualified, being omniscient and omnipotent, and faithful and righteous, and who will certainly come again to judge the world in righteousness; for not of his first coming, which was not to judge and condemn, but to seek and save, but of his second coming at the last day is this to be understood; and this is expressed in the present tense, "cometh", in the manner of the prophets, who speak of things future as if they already were, as Isaiah does of the incarnation, sufferings, and death of Christ, and to awaken the attention of persons to it, as if it was near at hand, as also to signify the certainty of it: and when he comes, he will be attended "with ten thousand of his saints": meaning either the souls of glorified saints, even all of them, 1 Thessalonians 3:13, which will come with Christ, and meet the living ones, and be reunited to their own bodies, which will then be raised; or else the holy angels, as in Deuteronomy 33:2; and so some copies and the Arabic version read; which will be both for the showing forth of his glory and majesty, and for service in gathering his elect together, as well as for terror to the wicked; and a "behold" is prefixed to all this, to denote the certainty of Christ's coming, and the importance and wonderfulness of it: the ends of his coming follow. There is really no internal clue given as to the place of writing. Sixth, since this is a letter, Jude was not in the place where the letter was sent. A wide vocabulary, which Jude has, is easier to acquire than a skill in literary style, where Judes competence is less remarkable.. But not only is the evidence for a late date by no means compelling (see discussion under Date), but there is a major hurdle for the pseudepigraphical hypothesis to overcome: Why would anyone use the obscure name Jude unless this were a genuine work? 4) Since Scripture is infallibly inspired, the statement ofAretuswas indeed made by him. He will send forth His angels with A GREAT TRUMPET and THEY WILL GATHER TOGETHER His elect from the four winds, from one end of the sky to the other (Mt. But such a view loses much of its force since the, important part of Jude, which fulfills the authors main purpose in writing, is the appeal (vv 20-23).. As we argued in 1-2 Peter, that audience was at least Gentile, and probably Pauls churches in Asia Minor. Most commentators take this verse to be a reference to a fixed body of orthodox belief. If so, and if John took up residence there (c. 65 CE), then Jude more than likely did not know that John was there, otherwise he would feel no need to write this letter. This rendering is based on the assumption that = (cf. Third, Jude probably cites Enoch, because his enemies were using this book. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; (2) Hegesippus11 relates how Judes grandsons were brought before Domitian because they were suspected of attempting to overthrow the Roman government. 1:18), the Acts of Solomon (1 Kings 11:41), and the Annals of King David (1 Chron. There is a great deal of truth in thisand it is not insignificant that such a view well fits into a date within the lifetime of Jude, though after Paul and Peter had died. There are other examples, one notable instance of which is found inActs 20:35, which states that Christ said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. This word of the Lord Jesus is not recorded in any of the four gospel accounts. It is our contention that Jude can be dated c. 65-80 CE. Two visions, representing symbolically the history of the world to the Messianic completion. There are two reasons normally given: It is natural to think of predominantly Jewish Christian churches, both because they evidently come within the area of Judes pastoral concern and responsibility, and also because of the high degree of familiarity with Jewish literature and traditions which Judes allusions presuppose., (2) Even those who employ the second argument recognize its inherent weakness: The latter is not necessarily a decisive argument, since such Jewish material was no doubt used in the instruction of Gentile converts and since a writer does not always tailor his allusions to the knowledge of his readers., First, the false teachers were antinomian. You will flee by the valley of My mountains, for the valley of the mountains will reach to Azel; yes, you will flee just as you fled before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. The Coptic Church (the ancient church of Ethiopia and Egypt) has always accepted 1 Enoch as part of their canon of the Old Testament. He doesnt quote them wholesale. Assuming this to be true, if 2 Peter is authentic, and if Jude is authentic, then the parameters are indeed c. 65-80. Further, no Jewish parallels have been put forth for the first analogy. 1. fol. But such an upper limit is already anticipated in our first consideration, the time of Judes birth. Let me give my opinion. Leicester, UK: Inter-Varsity/ Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), pp.192-193. What Jude does do is he amplifies Enoch, the man. The author of Jude later quotes 1 Enoch 1:9 explicitly in vv.14-15, crediting Enoch with having correctly "prophesied" the condemnation of the author's own contemporary opponents, as well as having referred to the final judgement (note: 1 Enoch is a composite work composed around the 3rd century B.C.E. Second, v 3 mentions our common salvation, an expression which (as we argued earlier and as Chase, Mayor. (referring to a passage in the apocryphal Enoch 1:6-8) and in Jude 9 (referring to a Jewish . Jude does not state that there are ten million holy ones coming with Godlike 1 Enoch states. In fact, in our discussion of the occasion of this letter, the references to an age now past should make perfectly good sense. Compare John 6:60, a hard saying, where the word means not abusive but difficult. In its behalf is the probability that Jude did not live much past 70 CE. 22Bauckham tries to draw the parallel with Rom 6:7 and 16:17, but this will not do because (1) no apostle founded the Roman church, and (2) Pauls purpose in writing to the Romans had to do, more than likely, with a visit he intended to make to Rome, while Judes purpose is related to him exercising authority over the church from a distance. Actually, Bauckham (13) has suggested an even lower limit, the mid-50s: once one has cast off the spell of the early Catholic and anti-gnostic reading of Jude, the letter does give a general impression of primitiveness. 11:49-53). Enoch was a prophet of God and spoke His Word. Instead of citing Scripture, Jude could be using their apocryphal book against them. The theme is co-extensive with the purpose: Contend for the faith which was once for all delivered to the saints (v 3). We know that Jude quoted from the Book of Enoch in Jude 14-15, and it is commonly said that Jude quoted the book because what it says in Enoch 1:9 supported his argument, although Jude wasn't necessarily affirming the book to be true. 47It should be noted further that all three of the nautical analogies fit better with the Mediterranean Sea than with an inland body of water (such as the Sea of Galilee). Thus, although presupposition may be on Bauckhams side (though this is doubtful), real evidence is decidedly against him. There are possible allusions to it in Clement of Rome, Shepherd of Hermas, Barnabas, and Didache, and probable allusions in Polycarp. var addy_textce9e17022f037a89e93c11f4f9056e29 = 'Stated Clerk';document.getElementById('cloakce9e17022f037a89e93c11f4f9056e29').innerHTML += ''+addy_textce9e17022f037a89e93c11f4f9056e29+'<\/a>'; Classis WestThis email address is being protected from spambots. See Psalm 68:17; Deuteronomy 33:2. (2) It is true that Jude also uses agricultural imagery throughout this epistle, but most of this is already found in 2 Peter, would be common to his own background, and does have excellent parallels in the OT and other Jewish materials. If this epistle is picking up the ball (so to speak) where Peter left off23that is, if it is attempting to make sure Pauls churches knew they were not abandonedJude would be quite eager to emphasize the common elements between Pauls Christianity and that of the other apostles. This made it quite natural to use it in order to illustrate a point. The fact that Jude speaks so decisively as he does about the finalized form of the faith (vv 3, 5, 17) is therefore due to his desire that the church use the writings of Peter and Paul to discern the ungodliness of the false teachers. 2)Aretussurely spoke this in the context of his own pagan worship of many gods, but that does not alter the fact that the statement as such is true. This first consideration we will take up in the next section since it does not at all presuppose a date in the second century, only that the apostles had died. Further, no Jewish parallels have been put forth for the first analogy. 66 CE, therefore, seems to be the most probable date. 14-15, he is It is crucial to note that Jude does not refer to 1 Enoch as Scripture; that is, the critical word graphe (Scripture) is not used here. This sounds suspiciously as though the age of the apostles were past, for only if they were now dead could their written ministries take on such a final note. 34:5-6). There are a few things that Enoch is known for in the Scriptures. Enoch prophesied in a time similar to the time Jude wrote his epistle and our time. Though this is true, the present tense is used consistently to describe the character of the false teachers, while the future tense is used to describe their coming. Let the wicked understand that such prophecies against them will surely be fulfilled on them. 10:13; 2 Sam. This book was discovered in an AEthiopic version, and was published with a translation by Dr. Laurence of Oxford, in 1821, and republished in 1832. What is a bit awkward is that Jude says it's written by "Enoch seventh from Adam", but that might just be his way of referring to it, rather than him literally thinking that There is a great deal of truth in thisand it is not insignificant that such a view well fits into a date within the lifetime of Jude, though after Paul and Peter had died. Fourth, if Hegesippus account of Judes grandsons has even the smallest element of truth in it, this suggests that Judes grandsons lived in or near Rome in the 90s CE. Such urgency would be spawned both by a sense that the Lords return was at hand and by the sudden rise of false teachers who would do what they could, if possible, to deceive even the elect. After all, Paul himself called one of the Cretans a prophet (Titus 1:12), and John records that the unbelieving Caiaphas prophesied as well (Jn. Gods written Word stands unmoved and unchangeable: the Lords return will be terrible to the ungodly! It was the Spirit of Christ who inspired Enoch (and Jude). Three examples are given: unbelieving Israel who doubted Gods promise to bring them into Canaan (5), angels who disobeyed God and are now kept in darkness (6), and the citizens of Sodom and Gomorrah who engaged in sexual immorality (7). Jude pulls no punches, in his descriptions, and in his denunciation of those false prophets, and ungodly men. Orion is, like Taurus, a star constellation. Yet these false teachers slander all authority, revealing their lack of understanding and triggering the natural consequences which are the very things that destroy them (10). Although some scholars downplay the evidence. relates how Judes grandsons were brought before Domitian because they were suspected of attempting to overthrow the Roman government. Jude is only twenty-five verses long; fifteen of these appear in at least a very similar form in 2 Peter 2. Once again, Ephesus seems to be the most likely candidate. If it is true that Jude is referring here to a tradition that had come down to the church over the centuries, it would not be contrary to Scriptures integrity that Jude should quote it. The strongest reason on behalf of this view is that Jude identifies himself as the brother of James. A well-known James is presupposed. If 2 Peter and Jude were both written to approximately the same audiences, this argues quite strongly for the priority of 2 Peter. For the second 2000 year period they had the Old Testament, and now for the last 2000 years, we have had the New Testament added. 2. In fact, for those who hold that 2 Peter is authentic, a date for Jude in this time frame necessitates Petrine priority. Fourth, Ephesus had been the hub of Pauls activityso much so that this is where John went to minister to pick up where Paul had left off. Second, the OT repeatedly quotes non-biblical sources as truthful. comethliterally, "came." var addyce9e17022f037a89e93c11f4f9056e29 = 'spronk' + '@'; tentative. These two considerations seem to support the conclusion that Jude has gone out of his way to introduce this nautical imagery. It is our intention first to establish Asia Minor as the general destination, then Ephesus as the specific destination.
Georgia Farm Bureau Phone Number, Relationship Between Auc And Accuracy, Bradford Medical Clinic, Expired Registration California Covid 2022, Referenceerror: Formdata Is Not Defined Typescript, Hello Breakfast Delivery,