Thus, grounded theory avoids preconceived assumptions, offering a more neutral view of understanding human action in a social context (Simmons, 2006). He or she may offer a stimulus to the other person in the dyad, to which the other may attend and then action may follow. There are 6 different damage types in the game, but the sixth type, Generic, acts as a "neutral" type, with no creatures being weak nor resistant to it. Such lengthy data analysis is not untypical. Doing Grounded Theory. The key issue then is that both the person with the intellectual disability and the person who does not have the disability are predisposed to mutually misinterpret each others communications. Sociology Press. Do you have data that could be resorted and further developed into a new grounded theory? Accurate descriptions of what is going on run a poor second to socially structured fictions (Glaser 2001, p. 146). Grounded theory is not concerned with describing the data but with identifying the patterns that are inherent in the data. Qualitative Research In Nursing. The narrative data that was collected detailed the sequence of interactions. The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. Table 1. This tendency for the data to self-correct was evident in the identification and emergence of the categories of data in the study. It seemed to me that such an assumption underpinned the identification of the main concern of the participants and how they resolved it. Such challenges centre around how to comprehend the world that they live in. The Grounded Theory Perspective 3: Theoretical coding. The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. Glaser comments that baseline data is the best description the participant can offer (Glaser, 1998, p. 9). Interpreted data and vaguing out are the least accurate data form. Video recording was integral to the research method and as such it is recommended as a mechanism for the investigation of interaction particularly in situations where the nature of the interaction is obscure. The quality most clearly demonstrated by the analytic process was its precision. Schonfeld A.H. (1992). The Grounded Theory Perspective: Conceptualization Contrasted with Description. The application by one person of attention to the stimulus of the other is not inevitable, but if it does occur, it will affect how the person acts and if they become engaged (communicate) or not. Indicative behaviours. A check sheet of indicative behaviours was developed in order to orient the researcher to the types of behaviours that might be found. Scope of Research: Grounded theoretical research attempts to describe or explore a specific issue. That view is an interpretation of the behavioural evidence. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and all elemental arrows. Communication partnerships with people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. Grounded theory is a qualitative method designed to help arrive at new theories and deductions. Expressive communication strengths of adults with severe to profound intellectual disabilities as reported by group home staff. The problem is that the accurate ascription of meaning to anothers interaction is difficult for both parties. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). Fogel A. London. Latvala E, Vuokila-Oikkonen P, Janhonen S. (2000). Nilsson emphasises the utility of thorough transcriptions of micro-events, which enables the researcher to become aware of the small details, changes and deviations in the action on the video recording (Nilsson, 2012, p. 110). Furthermore, the precursors of each persons interactions were made explicit. Dense data typically contains subtle communicative behaviour. The Grounded Theory Review 6 (2):1-22. The early memos detailed the properties of the codes, but as time went by, the memos indicated how codes should be sorted and tentatively named the categories (concepts) to which they belonged. (1993). On paradigms and methods: what do you do when the ones you know dont do what you want them to? The paper concludes by suggesting that using classic grounded theory to analyze qualitative data that is collected using video offers a method that has the potential to uncover and explain patterns of non-verbal interactions that were not previously evident. Wilder J. The increasing sophistication of the memos was in many ways the key to the process and it enabled an understanding of how a minutely detailed micro-communication such as a glance from one person to another might form part of a macro-theory which explains how the attention process (of which eye gaze is one small part) operates. However, there was no evidence observable to me to gainsay that conclusion. It has been noted that capturing of recorded video in a very thorough narrative transcription sensitizes the researcher to the observation of micro-events (Nilsson, 2012), a process which was very evident as the data transcription progressed. Trinity College, Dublin. The Pragmatics of Human Communication. Heritage J. BENEFITS. This difficulty is magnified for people with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD), who are confronted with many challenges in living their daily lives. All communications and behaviours that were observed during the 25 minutes of video were logged into a narrative that encompassed the totality of observed behaviours of both participants in the dyad. A good example of dense data is a sequential analysis of shifting eye gaze patterns between two people. At the same time, the reliance on detailed baseline data meant that the patterns of behaviour that were being identified were patterns of very small behaviours, behaviours that might ordinarily remain unobserved. Glaser B. Diary records show that I had spent some considerable time becoming familiarised with the participants before the observations commenced. Each one hour recording sampled the student and keyworker in a variety of educational activities. This begged the question: Did my presence affect the action that was taking place? The consequence of my presence in the classroom setting was that I took the role of observer as participant (Speziale and Carpenter, 2007), which led to minimal participation in the action. Mill Valley. (1978). Journal of Advanced Nursing. Polit D. and Hungler B. Glaser B (2005). However, a sense that the solution to the problem lay in the detail was a starting point in seeking answers to the research question. Observation through the use of videotaping produced a detailed recording of micro-incidents. Indeed, it took two months of intensive work to transcribe 13 minutes of tape. Typically it took five and half hours to transcribe one minute of Tony and Marys (one of the dyads) video and this covered 11 pages of transcript. Glaser B. It also enabled the patterns in the data to be identified. Philadelphia. See what I mean: interpreting the meaning of communications by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. This constitutes the verbal-actual axis (Glaser, 2001) of both talk and behaviour. The transcription of the videotapes was the most painstaking and slow phase of the data analysis. I was aware of this danger and took active steps to avoid it by appropriate application of the constant comparative method. In Martin V.B and Gynnild A (eds). Are you developing a classic grounded theory? Thus, verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and all observable behaviours that were displayed by the participants in the dyads in the view of the camera constituted the data. 6:6-15. Furthermore, it appeared that these virtues would facilitate the emergence of an accurate understanding of the patterns of behaviour that were embedded in the data. Bradshaw J. Detailed descriptions of every action, pose, posture, movement, gesture and vocalisation of the participants were made. To sum up this section, video enables data to be collected that is permanently on record, that can be very complex or dense and that can be analyzed precisely in fine detail. Sociology Press. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Cambridge. Philadelphia. Three dyads composed of a student/teacher or carer and a person with a severe or profound intellectual disability were observed in a variety of different activities that took place in a school. Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. The theory of attuning offers a theoretical explanation of how people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability communicate with others. Micro-incidents may be regarded as constituting an important data source for the generation of theory because ultimately, an understanding of what is going on in the data is derived from constant comparison of micro-incidents, rather than macro-situations (Glaser, 1998). Polity press. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. London. However, functionally, the primary practical concern that they have is how to communicate with a complex and at times forbidding world. The research study from which this paper is derived aimed to develop a theory to explain how people with PIMD confront that primary difficulty and communicate with others. They require virtually total care in terms of assistance in activities of daily living (Cascella, 2005), they often have accompanying secondary disabilities such as epilepsy, physical disability or mental health difficulties (Nakken and Vlaskampf, 2007) and they do not use speech, but generally interact using non-verbal communications (Hogg et al., 2001). Grove N, Bunning K, Porter J and Olsson C. (1999). Video recordings were made of three of these dyads, each of which consisted of one student with PIMD and one carer or teacher (who was the students keyworker). Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. In this case, the interactions were of people with profound intellectual disability and their carers and teachers. Such detailed analysis allowed the synchrony in the interaction process to become clear, as well as the relationship between motor movements of both persons to become evident as the movements of each developed and decayed. Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. Video was the tool used to collect the data, and this approach to data collection, combined with a meticulous analysis of the videotapes, revealed the micro-behaviours that constitute the basic building blocks of dyadic communication. Players can take advantage of creatures' elemental weaknesses by imbuing weapons with Damage Augments at the Smithing Station using various elemental globs and jewels. This paper presents a method for the collection and analysis of qualitative data that is derived by observation and that may be used to generate a grounded theory. Mill Valley. (1998). Grounded theory offers the researcher the benefit of approaching a study without predetermined ideas of what he/she will find in relation to the social phenomena under investigation. The aim of this paper is to describe the method that was used in the study. This was achieved by running the video-tape at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed 1/24th of a second of the action. The process that enables the person to act and to communicate is the process of attuning, which affects and reflects how the partners feel (their being), what they do and if and how they become mutually engaged. Attuning therefore describes the nature of the continuous process of communication, the understanding of which is the main concern of the participants in the study. In all, over 200 memos were written. Weak Points are unique areas on some creatures that deal critical damage when hit. 31 (5):1252-1257. However, interactional observations have been specifically identified as a form of data that may generate theory (Glaser, 2007). As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. The video records show that for most of the time, the participants were involved in interacting with each other and appeared to give little thought to the camera and observer. In short, the verbal-behavioural data juncture may reveal accurate detailed description of the behaviour that is observed or it may not. The advantages of using video to record, and subsequently to document the action and interaction that was the subject of the study, were immense. Theoretical Sensitivity. The second limitation of using videotaped data in this study was the length of time that the analysis took. 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