Seattle: University of Washington Press. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1937. The rebels were relatively well-equipped with modern weapons. The Taiping Rebellion or Taiping Civil War (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Tapng Tangu Yndng, literally "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement") was a massive rebellion or civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864 fought between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the millenarian movement of the Heavenly Kingdom . Facing History and Ourselves, The Taiping Rebellion, video, last updated April 19, 2022. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. Finding Printed Copies of Primary Sources Primary source translations that are in the Tricollege libraries will often be listed in Tripod under subject terms using the word "sources" or "early works." The Taiping Rebellion lasted from 1850 to 1864. In other words, the idea that each province of China might have its own strongman in charge-- with his own army-- who would pay very little attention to the central government, because he had plenty of men on horseback behind him. A Documentary History of Chinese Communism. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan. It is unfamiliar with untranslated foreign language sources and scholarship. But it was put down at great cost to the Qing because they had let a particular sort of genie out of the bottle. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. Gtersloh, Germany: Bertelsmann, 1923. We don't have exact figures, but we know that tens of millions of people were killed during the course of the decade and half of this war. In English, the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace has often been shortened to simply the Taipings, from the word "Peace" in the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace, but it was never a term that either the Taipings or their enemies used to refer to them. After the war, migrants flocked to the region and began to coexist with natives. Some Corner of a Chinese Field: The politics of remembering foreign veterans of the Taiping civil war. Two princely co-conspirators were allowed to die by suicide. [35] Roberts refused to baptize him and later stated that Hong's followers were "bent on making their burlesque religious pretensions serve their political purpose". What started as a small sect of violent Christians quickly transformed into a rampaging army of more than 2 . Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. By 1865, five of the eight viceroys were Hunanese. Below is the article summary. Fall of the Ming Dynasty Near the end of read more, The WattsRebellion, also known as the Watts Riots, was a large series of riots that broke out August 11, 1965, in the predominantly Black neighborhood of Watts in Los Angeles. The tract portrayed an apocalyptic China that recalled recent events. There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. Although no Taiping sources were published in China at the time and the historical basis of the work was weak, it started a long career of the Taiping being mobilized for modern revolutionary (in this case anti-Manchu) propaganda purposes. Historian John King Fairbank compares the Taiping rebels with the communists under Mao Zedong who came to power a century later: In addition to the zeal, vigor, and puritanical discipline so often found in new political movements, they shared certain traditional Chinese interests, such as propagating and maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy, recruiting an elite of talent, realizing a utopian social order, and developing military power based on farmer-soldiers. The Qing dynasty was so weakened by the rebellion that it never again was able to establish an effective hold over the country. They were then engaged in combat against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (r. 18681910) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people. Though tainted by deadly dramas within the royal court, it is also known for its promotion of Confucianism as the state religion and opening the Silk Road trade route to Europe, read more, The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. Various people had to learn the Ten Commandments, and if you didn't learn them right, you could actually be executed, so a certain kind of motivation for education. This tension culminated in the 1856 Tianjing Incident, wherein Yang and his followers were slaughtered by Wei Changhui, Qin Rigang, and their troops on Hong Xiuquan's orders.[49]. [76], The rebels used brilliant unorthodox strategies that nearly toppled the dynasty but inspired it to adopt what one historian calls "the most significant military experimentation since the seventeenth century."[77]. Patricia Buckley Ebrey. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and Wei Changhui routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi). 2 and 3, hereafter abbreviated at the website's pages as "TR". The deadliness of both the Taiping Rebellion and the following Dungan Revolts caused the population of China to decline from a high of ~412 million in 1850 to ~358 . It was the largest war in China since the Ming-Qing Transition, involving most of Central and Southern China. [115] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. Weakened severely by internal conflict, an attempted coup, and the failure of the siege of Beijing, the Taipings were defeated by decentralized, provincial armies such as the Xiang Army organized and commanded by Zeng Guofan. [74] Due to the religious aspects of the rebellion, the Taiping government perceived Westerners as "brothers and sisters from overseas". Both the Chinese communists and the Chinese Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings. The Taiping rebellion was just the beginning of a domes. Occupying much of imperial China's Yangzi River heartland and costing more than twenty million lives, the Taiping Rebellion (1851-64) was no ordinary peasant revolt. [11] In the 19th century, Western observers, depending on their ideology, referred to the Taiping as the "revolutionaries", "insurgents" or "rebels". Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Oehler, Wilhelm. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing the city of Nanjing for a decade.. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping tianguo yeshi (). Christianity which involved, first of all, acknowledging Hong Xiuquan as the younger brother of Jesus, and also some pretty terrible penalties. By 1862 Zeng had managed to surround Nanjing, and the city fell in July 1864. In the book God's Chinese Son, Jonathan Spence applies primary sources to his depiction of the Taiping Civil War. [89], During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. In 1851, the visionary rebel leader Hong Xiuquan (1813 - 1864) from Canton proclaimed the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo) with himself as Emperor of Great Peace (Taiping Tianzi). Hong revealed his dream to relatives, and his message began to spread. Furthermore, both made use of foreign ideologies which required translation into Chinese with inevitable modifications in the process.[111]. One tactic was to ring a Qing emplacement in fire and kill the fleeing Qing troops as they emerged individually.[78]. Browse 111 taiping rebellion stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. Iowa City Press Citizen . In a feverish state, Hong hallucinated a journey to a heavenly land to the east where his father revealed that demons were destroying humankind. The rebels were courageous under fire, erected defensive works quickly, and used mobile pontoon bridges. Worshippers claimed to visit heaven physically during prayers. Following the dream-state battle, Hong remained in heaven and took a wife, later having a child together. "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion". Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the Northern Expedition. [36], Soon after Hong began preaching across Guangxi in 1844, his follower Feng Yunshan founded the God Worshipping Society, a movement which followed Hong's fusion of Christianity, Daoism, Confucianism and indigenous millenarianism, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi. Led by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, the goals of the Taipings were religious, nationalist, and . covered in Franz Michael's The Taiping Rebellion. to 220 A.D. and was the second imperial dynasty of China. The Taiping held Nanjing for 11 years. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. Students get an opportunity to give feedback about the class and communicate their needs and worries. 1.6 Like this: The Taiping Rebellion () was a massive revolt in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. [115], The government officials of the Western powers were optimistic about the Taiping government's chance of victory in the early stages. Hong preached an early form of communism that stressed sharing property, mixed with religious ideas and laws based on the 10 Commandments of the Old Testament Bible. It was directed primarily against the feudal rule of the Manchu dynasty. Relevant printed and archival sources therefore come in many languages and are widely dispersed in China, Europe, and the United States. Soon, the God Worshippers were buying gunpowder in bulk and becoming organized by military rankings. Eventually, Hong returned to Earth, receiving the title Heavenly King, Lord of the Kingly Way.. Legend spoke of the wild beast Nian (which also is the word for year) that appeared at the end of each year, attacking and killing villagers. It was a civil war in Southern China that was waged against the ruling Qing dynasty. China's Taiping Rebellion in the mid-1800s was the bloodiest civil war in human history, and possibly the worst conflict of any type, depending on whose casualty estimate you accept. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977). In the summer of 1862, a Western observer noted that rebel factories in Nanjing were producing superior guns including heavy cannon than the Qing. Religious visions were not confined to Hong. The Great Taiping Rebellion: A Story of General Gordon in China - Primary Source Edition [Mossman, Samuel] on Amazon.com. [114], While some missionaries like Roberts were enthusiastic in the first few years about the Taiping rebellion, Western skepticism existed from the inception of the rebellion. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. [72], Jonathan Spence claimed that a key reason for the Taiping's defeat was its overall inability to coordinate its rebellion with other rebellions. Reprinted in 1936 under the name of the author of the first preface, Wang Wenru . [16] Farmers were heavily overtaxed, rents rose dramatically, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves. But in the end, the Taiping threat to the Qing was finally put down. [45] Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries. Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. Perhaps unhinged by this humiliation and influenced by the Christian missionaries who were then preaching in the country, Hong . [118] In late 1861, Hope made a brief visit to Nanking to come to an agreement with the Taiping rebels not to attack the city of Shanghai, a proposal which was refused by the Taiping government. Hangong. Among the imperial forces was the elite Ever Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a Western officer corps (see Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles Gordon) and supplied by European arms companies like Willoughbe & Ponsonby. 3 vols. As a consequence of this global entanglement the Taiping and the civil war attracted international attention from the outset. In addition to the main Taiping forces organised along the above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taiping groups fielding their own forces of irregulars. The rebellion was a massive Civil War in Southern China from 1850 to 1864. Rather, it emphasized the wrathful Old Testament God who demanded worship and obedience. What languages are you working with, and what are you trying to find out? He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". Where the armies under the control of dynasty itself were unable to defeat the Taiping, these gentry-led Yong Ying armies were able to succeed.[83]. Robert Elegant's 1983 Mandarin depicts the time from the point of view of a Jewish family living in Shanghai. And on the basis of the slightly dubious premise, he managed to lead a whole army of supporters behind him in a war that came very close to toppling the last dynasty of China. Tianguifu and few others escaped but were soon caught and executed. [citation needed], During the 19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced a series of famines, natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of foreign powers. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. All property was to be held in common, and equal distribution of the land according to a primitive form of communism was planned. That failed, but another expedition into the upper Yangtze valley scored many victories. Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. Consequently, the Hakka, to a greater extent than other Han Chinese, have been historically associated with popular unrest and rebellion. [29] In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time. Translated by C. A. Curwen. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. D. Taiping Rebellion Primary Source http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/taiping.html "The following is an excerpt from the basic document of the Taiping Kingdom, called "The Land System. Hongs son was named the new King of Heaven, but was later executed. The Chinese Communist, historians, following the lead of Mao Zedong, however, characterised the rebellion as a proto-communist uprising. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers. And eventually, the emergence of these local armies would lead to a phenomenon that became associated with early 20th century China, what's often called "warlord-ism." The country struggled to pay indemnities for the Second Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was in full swing in the south. [59] Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. Taiping titles echoed Triad usage, whether consciously or not, which made it more attractive for Triads to join the movement. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Modern Scholarly Translations of Taiping and Qing Documents, Attitudes of Missionaries Concerning the Taiping, Taiping Ideology and Traditional Chinese Sects, Taiping Relations with Missionaries and Foreign Powers, Taiping Struggles with the Qing, Qing Mercenaries, and Their Local Opponents, Fictional and Film Treatments of the Taiping, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Agricultural Technologies and Soil Sciences, Assertive Nationalism and China's Core Interests, Concepts of Authentication in Premodern China, Drama (Xiqu ) Performance Arts, Traditional Chinese, Environmental Issues in Contemporary China, Ethnicity and Minority Nationalities Since 1949, Hukou (Household Registration) System, The, Industrialism and Innovation in Republican China, Intellectual Trends in Late Imperial China, Marketing System in Pre-Modern China, The, Media Representation of Contemporary China, International, Modernism and Postmodernism in Chinese Literature, Population Structure and Dynamics since 1949. [63], Traditionalist works like those of Confucius were burned and their sellers executed. And this young man was an example of a rather, sadly, typical sort of Chinese person who had studied hard but never quite made the grade. Claudia Bautista,Santa Monica, Calif. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing Dynasty, beginning in 1851 and lasting until 1864. . The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.It lasted from 1850 to 1864, although following the fall of Tianjing (now Nanjing) the last rebel army was not wiped out until August 1871. But fearing for his life, he eventually decided to move East the. And other hill tribes in the destruction of the short-lived Republic of Formosa ( 5 October. 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